Kirat Dynasty: Nepal's earliest documented rulers, estimated to be from ~800 BCE to 300 CE.
Licchhavis (400–750 CE): Often considered a golden age, marked by significant cultural and architectural developments, including the construction of the Changu Narayan temple.
Medieval Period
Malla Dynasty (1200–1768): Known for their contributions to arts, culture, and architecture; during this period, the Kathmandu Valley was divided into three independent kingdoms.
Unification
1768–69: Prithvi Narayan Shah successfully unifies various small states, culminating in the capture of the Kathmandu Valley and the formation of modern Nepal.
British Period (Anglo-Nepalese Relations)
1814–16: The Anglo-Nepalese War led to the Sugauli Treaty in 1816.
Under the treaty, Nepal lost territories including Sikkim, Kumaon, and Garhwal, and agreed to the presence of a British Resident in Kathmandu.
Rana Period
1846–1951: The Rana oligarchy established a hereditary system where prime ministers held absolute power, reducing the Shah kings to mere figureheads.
1950–51: King Tribhuvan led a successful people's revolution, which ultimately ended the Rana regime and restored the Shah monarchy's power.
Panchayat System
1960: King Mahendra dismissed the parliamentary system and introduced the Panchayat system, a party-less political system.
1990: The People's Movement (Jana Andolan I) led to the restoration of multiparty democracy in Nepal.
Maoist Conflict
1996–2006: The Maoist People's War was a decade-long insurgency that resulted in approximately 17,000 deaths.
2006: Jana Andolan II, a major popular uprising supported by a 12-party alliance and the Maoists, led to the end of King Gyanendra's direct rule.
Republic
2008: The Constituent Assembly officially declared Nepal a Federal Democratic Republic, thereby abolishing the monarchy.