Two-Factor Theory (Motivator-Hygiene Theory)
- Theory / Concept Name
- Two-Factor Theory (Motivator-Hygiene Theory)
- Description
Frederick Herzberg — Two-Factor Theory (1959)
Herzberg's research on job attitudes (Pittsburgh study) led to the conclusion that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are caused by two separate sets of factors.
Hygiene Factors (Maintenance Factors)
When absent, these factors lead to dissatisfaction; when present, they merely prevent dissatisfaction (they do NOT motivate).
- Company policy, supervision quality, interpersonal relations, working conditions, salary, job security, status.
Motivators (Satisfiers)
When present, these factors cause positive satisfaction and motivation.
- Achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, advancement, growth.
Key Insight
Satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not opposite ends of the same continuum — they are driven by different factors. Improving hygiene factors reduces dissatisfaction but does not motivate; only motivators drive engagement.
Job Enrichment
Herzberg advocated job enrichment — redesigning work to increase motivators (more responsibility, variety, direct feedback) rather than just hygiene improvements.
- Theorist / Pioneer
- Frederick Herzberg
- Year
- 1959
- Category
- Motivation