Hierarchy of Needs

Theory / Concept Name

Hierarchy of Needs

Description

Abraham Maslow — Hierarchy of Needs (1943)

Abraham Maslow proposed that human motivation is driven by five levels of needs arranged in a pyramid. Lower-level needs must be substantially satisfied before higher-level needs become motivating.

Five Levels (bottom to top)

Physiological — Food, water, shelter, sleep, warmth.
Safety — Job security, safe environment, financial security.
Social / Belongingness — Friendship, intimacy, sense of belonging, teamwork.
Esteem — Self-esteem, recognition, status, achievement.
Self-Actualisation — Realising one's full potential, creativity, personal growth.

Deficiency vs Growth Needs

Deficiency needs (D-needs): Levels 1–4; motivated by a lack of something; once satisfied, motivation stops.
Growth needs (B-needs / Being needs): Level 5; motivation increases as they are fulfilled.

Application in Management

Managers should identify which level each employee is at and provide rewards/conditions that satisfy the next level.

Theorist / Pioneer

Abraham Maslow

Year

1943

Category

Motivation